Laboratory tests information

There are many online sites which provide all information about almost all tests.

1. Lab tests online - http://www.labtestsonline.org/
   

   Gives a non commercial patient oriented description about all laboratory tests and diagnostic investigations as well as disease based information. This site is very good for patients as well as the students in the field.
   

2. Arup Laboratory: http://www.aruplab.com/
   

   Also provides all laboratory testing service s with details good for all health care professionals.
   

AFP L3% - A New Diagnostic tool for the detection of Hepato Cellular carcinoma>

AFP L3% and Hepato Cellular Carcinoma

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) displays differential affinity to lectin Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) compared to that from chronic hepatitis/liver cirrhosis. According to their binding capability to LCA, total AFP can be separated into three different glycoforms, AFP-L1, AFP-L2, and AFP-L3. AFP-L1 is the non-LCA-bound fraction, which constitutes the major glycoform of AFP in serum of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. AFP-L3 is the LCA-bound fraction of AFP. It has been reported that malignant liver cells produce AFP-L3, even when HCC is at its early stages, and especially when the tumor mass is supplied by the hepatic artery.(1)

When the total AFP level increases slightly (e.g. to 5-20 ng/ml), a measurement of AFP-L3% may provide additional useful information for monitoring NSGCT patients and in distinguishing falsely elevated AFP. (2)

The incidence of HCC was significantly higher in patients with elevated AFP-L3% than in those with elevated AFP. The high specificity of AFP-L3% persisted among patients with elevated AFP (20-200 ng/mL) and suggests that AFP-L3% has clinical utility in HCV patients with AFP of 20-200 ng/mL. (3)

Ref:	(1),
	(2), (3) Wikipedia

Harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com

1. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
2. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
3. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
4. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
5. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
6. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
7. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
8. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
9. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
10. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
11. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
12. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
13. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
14. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com
15. harper's Biochemistry 27 th Edition at 4shared dot com

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HAPERS BIOCHEMISTRY 27 th edition

Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Edition

Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Victor W. Rodwell

Preface   Copyright   Contributors


CONTENTS


Chapter 1. Biochemistry & Medicine

Chapter 2. Water & pH


Section I. Structures & Functions of Proteins & Enzymes

Chapter 3. Amino Acids & Peptides

Chapter 4. Proteins: Determination of Primary Structure

Chapter 5. Proteins: Higher Orders of Structure

Chapter 6. Proteins: Myoglobin & Hemoglobin

Chapter 7. Enzymes: Mechanism of Action

Chapter 8. Enzymes: Kinetics

Chapter 9. Enzymes: Regulation of Activities

Chapter 10. Bioinformatics & Computational Biology


Section II. Bioenergetics & the Metabolism of Carbohydrates & Lipids

Chapter 11. Bioenergetics: The Role of ATP

Chapter 12. Biologic Oxidation

Chapter 13. The Respiratory Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation

Chapter 14. Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance

Chapter 15. Lipids of Physiologic Significance

Chapter 16. Overview of Metabolism & the Provision of Metabolic Fuels

Chapter 17. The Citric Acid Cycle: The Catabolism of Acetyl-CoA

Chapter 18. Glycolysis & the Oxidation of Pyruvate

Chapter 19. Metabolism of Glycogen

Chapter 20. Gluconeogenesis & the Control of Blood Glucose

Chapter 21. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway & Other Pathways of Hexose Metabolism

Chapter 22. Oxidation of Fatty Acids: Ketogenesis

Chapter 23. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Eicosanoids

Chapter 24. Metabolism of Acylglycerols & Sphingolipids

Chapter 25. Lipid Transport & Storage

Chapter 26. Cholesterol Synthesis, Transport, & Excretion


Section III. Metabolism of Proteins & Amino Acids

Chapter 27. Biosynthesis of the Nutritionally Nonessential Amino Acids

Chapter 28. Catabolism of Proteins & of Amino Acid Nitrogen

Chapter 29. Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids

Chapter 30. Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

Chapter 31. Porphyrins & Bile Pigments


Section IV. Structure, Function, & Replication of Informational Macromolecules

Chapter 32. Nucleotides

Chapter 33. Metabolism of Purine & Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Chapter 34. Nucleic Acid Structure & Function

Chapter 35. DNA Organization, Replication, & Repair

Chapter 36. RNA Synthesis, Processing, & Modification

Chapter 37. Protein Synthesis & the Genetic Code

Chapter 38. Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 39. Molecular Genetics, Recombinant DNA, & Genomic Technology


Section V. Biochemistry of Extracellular & Intracellular Communication

Chapter 40. Membranes: Structure & Function

Chapter 41. The Diversity of the Endocrine System

Chapter 42. Hormone Action & Signal Transduction


Section VI. Special Topics

Chapter 43. Nutrition, Digestion, & Absorption

Chapter 44. Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals

Chapter 45. Intracellular Traffic & Sorting of Proteins

Chapter 46. Glycoproteins

Chapter 47. The Extracellular Matrix

Chapter 48. Muscle & the Cytoskeleton

Chapter 49. Plasma Proteins & Immunoglobulins

Chapter 50. Hemostasis & Thrombosis

Chapter 51. Red & White Blood Cells

Chapter 52. Metabolism of Xenobiotics


Appendix


harper's biochemistry @ RAPIDSHARE
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Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

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Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Drug Discovery

Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry (Harper's Biochemistry)

Clinical Studies in Medical Biochemistry

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The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals

Organic Chemistry: An Intermediate Text

Fundamentals of Medicinal Chemistry

Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 5E, Study Guide and Solutions Manual

The Biochemistry of Inorganic Polyphosphates

Lipid Biochemistry

Principles of Biochemistry: Energy, Proteins, and Catalysis

Medical Biochemistry at a Glance

The Sixth Edition of March's Advanced Organic Chemistry

Enzymes: A Practical Introduction to Structure, Mechanism, and Data Analysis

Handbook of Vitamins, Third Edition

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100. [share_ebook] Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry & biotechnology
     
101. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, vol.152 - Special Issue on Emerging Bacterial Toxins (2005)
     
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Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue
Structure
Connective tissue is formed primarily of extracellular matrix,
consisting of ground substance, extracellular fluid, and fibers, in
which various connective tissue cells are embedded.
Function
Connective tissue supports organs and cells, acts as a medium for
exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues,
protects against microorganisms, repairs damaged tissues, and stores
fat.
Extracellular Matrix.
The extracellular matrix provides a medium for the transfer of
nutrients and waste materials between connective tissue cells and the
bloodstream.
Ground substance
Ground substance is a colorless, transparent, gel-like material in
which the cells and fibers of connective tissue are embedded.
• It is a complex mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and
Glycoproteins (see Chapter 4 for details on these components).
• Ground substance is a lubricant, helps prevent invasion of tissues
by foreign agents, and resists forces of compression.
Fibers
(collagen, reticular, and elastic) are long, slender protein polymers
present in different proportions in different types of connective
tissue.
Collagen fibers.
• There are at least 19 molecular types of collagen. The most common
collagen types in connective tissue proper are type I and type III
collagen, both consisting of many closely packed tropocollagen
fibrils. The average diameter of type I collagen fibrils is 75
nanometers (nm)
o Collagen fibers are produced in a two-stage process involving
intracellular events (within fibroblasts) and extracellular events.
o Collagen fibers have great tensile strength, which imparts both
flexibility and strength to tissues containing them.
o c. Bone, skin, cartilage, tendon, and many other structures of the
body contain collagen fibers.
Reticular fibers
• These are extremely thin [0.5-2.0 micrometers (um) in diameter] and
are composed primarily of type III collagen; they have a higher
carbohydrate content than other collagen fibers.
o Type III collagen fibers constitute the architectural framework of
certain organs and glands.
o Because of their high carbohydrate content, they stain black with
silver salts.
Elastic fibers
• These are coiled, branching fibers 0.2-1.0 um in diameter that
sometimes form loose networks.
o These fibers may be stretched up to 150% of their resting length.
o They are composed of microfibrils of elastin and fibrillin embedded
in amorphous elastin (see Chapter 4 III B).
o Elastic fibers require special staining in order to be observed by
light microscopy.